Sugarcane in india
Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum) is a major cash crop of the world, producing sugar, jaggery, alcohol etc. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane and India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world. Sugarcane cultivation employs a large number of people and plays an important role in obtaining foreign exchange.
Geographical fectors for sugarcane production :
Temperature - 21 to 24 C Gray
Rainfall - 75 to 120 cm M
Soil - Deep loam.
Major sugarcane research centers in India :
- Indian Sugarcane Research Institute, Lucknow
- National Sugar Institute, Kanpur
- Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune
- Chinese Technology Mission, New Delhi
- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
Country sugarcane production (ton)
Brazil 6, 6, 21,260
India 37,61,900
China 12,79,18502
Shyamesh 7,35,061,710
Pakistan 739,20,000
Mexico 5,11,0900
Colombia 3,65,00,000
Australia 3,39,43,000
Argentina 2, 9, 50,000
United States 2,03,000
Introduction :
There has also been a time in history when someone was given mishmikr milk after asking for water. Then rivers of milk and ghee were flowing in the country.
In our own time, when a person asked for water, he was first offered a jaggery and then water. There has been a tradition in our country for a long time to share our happiness by sharing laddus, betashe, jaggery etc. on auspicious occasions. The truth is that the highest consumption of sweet is in our country.
Sweet Ancient :
In the texts of Ayurveda, it is advisable to start eating food with sweet juices. In "Brahmanda Purana", it is also suggested to end the meal only with sweet substances.
In a book, it is mandatory to include moong dal, honey, ghee and sugar in the food. 'Namudrasupana kshaodra na chapya ghrit sharkaram.' In the summer season, it is suggested to eat sugar mixed with rice. It has been said to consume misery mixed milk and milk sweets on power loss.
Second name of sweet is sugarcane :
When we talk of sweetness, especially sweetness in food, our attention goes to sugarcane. From it, we get sweeteners in many forms, like jaggery, raab, sakkarkhend, mishri, sugar etc.
Thus there are some other sources of sweetness. Madhu or honey is nature's gift to us which prepares with fruit juice by bees. In South India, jaggery and sugar are prepared from palm. The countries of West Asia take this work from dates.
European countries prepare sugar from beets. Now artificial sugar by the name of saccharin is also available in the market, which is also known to be safe for diabetic patients.
However, sugarcane is the most important source of sugar or its branches. It is said that almost half of the area of sugarcane cultivated in the world is in our country.
No wonder sugarcane is one of the most important commercial crops of our country and sugar industry is one of the major industries in our country.
However, this industry cannot be called very old because it has grown rapidly since the fourth decade, or only during the Second World War.
But the same cannot be said about sugar, jaggery, sugar candy etc.
These industries have been established here for thousands of years, but we have been exporting them to almost all parts of the world since time immemorial.
These things have been passed on to all the countries of ancient Rome, Egypt, Greece, China, Arabia etc. Until a few years ago our country has also been an exporter of sugar.
This year, due to increase in some internal consumption and decrease in production due to some different reasons, we are forced to import sugar from abroad.
In the book "Sindhu Sauvir" published on the ancient history of Sindh, a very interesting commentary of Rai Bahadur Gaurishankar Ojha in Hindi translation of 'Rajasthan' written by Tad is given as follows:
A branch of the Ghaggar river was named Sakra or Hakra, which formerly flowed from Punjab and flowed through Sindh from Bikaner and Jodhpur states.
But its flow has stopped for a long time, many things are popular about it. But the reason for its closure is that as the edge of this side (Rajasthan) got higher, it completely closed.
So far, a little water comes in the Hanumangarh region of Bikaner state, where it cultivates wheat etc. It is called the Kaggar river there. There is evidence of Hakra flowing in Marwar that in the parganas of Jodhpur and Malani there are found stone crusher of sugarcane perne, which is said to have flowed here before in the Hakra (Hakro) river.
On whose side sugarcane was cultivated, which was made into jaggery in these crushers. If this river did not flow here, how would such a crusher be possible in these sandy parts (Tad-Rajastan, first volume page 31).
Sugarcane fields in sand :
The existence of stone crushers in Rajasthan is a testimony to the antiquity of sugarcane agriculture. The Dagdhar or Kaggar river mentioned here is believed to be the Vedic-era Saraswati. By the sixth-seventh century CE, this river had water, and on its banks there were inhabited cities like Rangmahal, which have now ceased to exist. If we go in search of prehistory, this region has been a major center of Harappan culture.
Considered to be the father of Ayurveda in India, Charaka and Sushruta had knowledge of the various species of sugarcane, its various substances and their medicinal properties. Charak is considered contemporary to Kanishka (Kushan dynasty).
It is said that he also saved a queen of Kanishka from an incurable disease. The period of Kanishka is thought to be before the beginning of the year AD, ie about two thousand years ago. Ikshu, ellipsoid, bhumiras, gurmool, asipatra, madhutrina - sugarcane has many names in Sanskrit. "Ikshuvarga:" is mentioned separately in the ancient texts of Ayurveda. According to Ruprang, he has many castes such as Poundrak, Bhishka, Dynasty, Shataporak, Karantar Tapasexa, Kandex, Catalog, Napal, Alpheter, Neelapor, Koshak etc. Sugarcane has also been named as a pound in the western districts of Uttar Pradesh.
It is white or some yellowish. The poundrak and the bhiruk baat-bile destructor, rasa and pak have been described as sweet, cold and sweet. Cells are heavy, cold and destroy blood clots and decay. Kantarekshu is black in color and has heavy phlegm and aloes.
The lumpur is hard and the descent is alkali. The descent is also called the Bombay Reed. Shataporak has excess of lumps and in quality it is very similar to leprosy. He is hot, alkalized and hygienic.
Tapasekshu is soft-sweet, phlegmatic, satisfying, tasteful and powerful. Kandekshu has similar qualities as Tapasekshu. But Vata faints. Catalog leaves are very fine. Nilpore has blue lumps.
Nepal is in Nepal country and long leaves have large leaves. These are the four types of sugarcane talkers, phlegm, pesticides, astringents and cremators. Sugarcane, named Manotrapta, is considered to be an antipyretic, an anti-inflammatory, cold, extremely sweet and preventable from blood disorders. The sugarcane properties also vary according to the location. The sugarcane of childhood is a phlegm enhancer, fattening agent and destroys the disease. The young sugarcane is airborne, flavorful, somewhat pungent and gallicidal. When ripened, it destroys blood pressure, heals wounds and increases force and semen. The bottom side of the sugarcane root is very sweet, juicy and the salty juice is present in the middle bharanthi or pangoli. If the root and anterior part of a sugarcane has been eaten by the animals, crushed with lumps, there is filth in it, then the juice gets spoiled. It is also likely to remain contaminated by being kept for a long time. Then it becomes sour in taste, aphrodisiac, heavy, bile-erring, aloes and frequent urine. The juice cooked on fire is heavy, balsamic, pungent, vatocyclic, antipyretic and slightly bile.
How many properties to in jaggery ?
Various substances are prepared from sugarcane juice by perker and making out of it, such as jaggery, sugar, sugar, sugar etc. The properties of these substances also vary. Raab is heavy, kafkatta and semen enhancer. It relieves vata, bile, urinary disorders etc. Mishri is a mild, light, gallbladder, sweet and bloody, preventive. Jaggery is heavy, balsamic, antipyretic, diuretic, beneficial, kafkatta, vermin and force. Old jaggery gives light diet. It is a fire suppressant, an antidote, a pesticide, a sweet, an antidote and a hygienist. The new jaggery is fire retardant. It causes cough, cough, and worm disease. Eating jaggery mixed with regular ginger juice destroys phlegm. Eating with myrrh causes gall bladder. Eating with dry ginger destroys all gout. Thus jaggery is a antidote. Khand is sweet, beneficial to the eyes, is a pitta-pesticide, balsamic, balmy, and emetic. Sugar is a sweet-tasting, talk-bile destroyer, blood dosha, aphrodisiac, cool and semen enhancer. It benefits in fainting, vomiting and fever. The same quality is in flower sugar made from jaggery.
In fact, we Indians have always been fond of them. Eat sweet, speak sweet, do not give jaggery, so do talk about jaggery, our life has been the principle. Perhaps this is the reason why the parents of Ayurveda have prepared many sweet and powerful medicines for us in the form of Pak, Pras, Avleh, etc. Therefore, the importance of sugarcane in our life can be easily estimated.
In fact, we Indians have always been fond of them. Eat sweet, speak sweet, do not give jaggery, so do talk about jaggery, our life has been the principle. Perhaps this is the reason why the parents of Ayurveda have prepared many sweet and powerful medicines for us in the form of Pak, Pras, Avleh, etc. Therefore, the importance of sugarcane in our life can be easily estimated.
Sugarcane is cultivated in India on about 32 lakh hectares of land, which yields 1,600 lakh tonnes of sugarcane. Thus, the average yield of sugarcane is about 58 tonnes per hectare, which is much less than the production capacity. If the farmer brothers know when and how much fertilizer is to be given to the sugarcane and when and how to irrigate it, they can increase the yield of sugarcane to a great extent. Given the area used for sugarcane in our country, its yield is relatively low. The main reason for this is the need to use manure-water facilities and not using them at the right time. Irrigation facility is available on about 43 percent of the total cropped area in the country. If viewed from the point of view of irrigation facilities for various crops, sugarcane is only 0. Only 5 percent of water is available. About 37 of the total area of sugarcane sown. Complete irrigation facility is available on 7% of the land area and there is limited irrigation facility on the remaining large portion (45.9%), or at some places. If we take a look at the yield of sugarcane, it is found that the yield of sugarcane in the irrigated area is 4 tonnes / ha. Areas with limited irrigation are only 71 tonnes / ha. Sugarcane crop always requires moisture, but it is very important to have sufficient moisture in the land at the time of deposition, calving and elongation. It has been found that about 150-165 cm of water is required in the entire life of sugarcane crop in Northern India. About 100 cm of water is supplied to the sugarcane crop by the rain and the remaining amount of water has to be met in the critical stages to increase the sugarcane growth by irrigation. Based on the recommendations of the quantity of fertilizers in sugarcane, about 7 lakh 50 thousand tons of nitrogen, 1 lakh 50 thousand tons of phosphorus and 1 lakh 50 thousand tons of potash are required, which in our country only 80-50 percent of its fertilizer is available. . In such a situation, getting a good yield from sugarcane crop is a challenging question for our agricultural scientists. However, scientists have made relentless hard efforts on this side, due to which there is now a possibility that the desired yield can be achieved by the available irrigation facilities and fertilizers. If farmers cultivate sugarcane based on knowledge of irrigation facilities and quantity of fertilizers and new technology based on appropriate time to use them, then they can get huge yield.
Water thirsty sugarcane :
It has been found by experiments that on an average 40% of the field capacity according to the water holding of the land is very good for good yield of sugarcane. If you give more water than this capacity, there is a fear of overflow of fertilizer. Due to proper arrangement of irrigation, four-five irrigations are required in the spring sugarcane before the rain, seven-eight in the autumn sugarcane, three-four in the last sowing condition and four-five irrigations in the pedi. Doing two or more irrigations after the rainy season has been found beneficial in terms of yield. In summer, sugarcane irrigation should be done on 15 days and in winter on 20-25 days. If the farmers have limited water for irrigation, then at what time should that water be used so that maximum benefits can be availed, the institute has done important work. Based on tests, if there is an irrigation facility, it should be done in late May or June, three irrigations in April, May, June and four irrigations in March, April, May and June on completion of sugarcane deposition. According to the convenience of the farmers, the classification of the four stages of watering should be done on the basis of completion of deposits, first, second and third vibrations. Sugarcane irrigation is usually done through flat method or by making small beds throughout the field. Irrigation by this method requires more water.
Sugarcane botanical classification :
There are five important castes of the Sackeram dynasty which are the following:
saccharum sinens
It is known as sugar cane. Its origin is in central and southeast China.
It is a thin canopy with long knuckles and a sugarcane with long and narrow leaves.
It has low sucrose content and purity and fiber and starch is high.
The chromosome number is 2x = 111 to 120. Under this caste, a remarkable species is bored, which is cultivated in many countries.
At present, this caste is considered suitable for commercial farming.
saccharum barberry
This caste is the native sugarcane of subtropical India.
It is considered an 'Indian race'.
In subtropical India, it is extensively cultivated to produce jaggery and kharasari sugar.
It is a stronger and disease resistant species and its sugar cane contains more sugar and fiber content. They are thin.
It is considered an 'Indian race'.
In subtropical India, it is extensively cultivated to produce jaggery and kharasari sugar.
It is a stronger and disease resistant species and its sugar cane contains more sugar and fiber content. They are thin.
This clone is more tolerant to high and low temperatures, problematic soils and waterlogged conditions.
saccharum robustum
This species was discovered in the New Guinea Islands. The cane stems of this caste are long, thick and vigorous in growing.
It is rich in fiber and has insufficient sugar content. The chromosome number is 2x = 60 and 80.
It is rich in fiber and has insufficient sugar content. The chromosome number is 2x = 60 and 80.
It is a wild race and unsuitable for agricultural production.
saccharum spontaneum
It is also known as 'wild sugarcane'. Its species has variable number of chromosomes (2x = 40 to 128). Substantial variability has been observed in the morphology of this caste.
Generally, its circle is thin and small. And the leaves are compressed and tight.
The plant is strong and resistant to most diseases.
This species is not useful for sugar (sugar) production because the sugar fraction is very low.
Generally, its circle is thin and small. And the leaves are compressed and tight.
The plant is strong and resistant to most diseases.
This species is not useful for sugar (sugar) production because the sugar fraction is very low.
This caste is especially useful for developing hybrid species to get disease and stress resistant forms.
Pest and diseases :
1. Sugarcane is greatly damaged by an insect called Pyrilla.
2. Chilo infascatellus: It produces dead tissue on the growth point of the stem of the plant.
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