Soil pollution in india

Soil pollution in india :

                                      Unwanted and harmful changes or erosion of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil surface by mixing contaminants in the soil with plastics, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, daily waste, bacteria, pratozoa etc. is called soil pollution. 

Source of Soil Pollution - 

The main sources of soil pollution are:

                            Solid and liquid wastes of humans and animals, gaseous substances are also thrown into the air from factories for chemical activities, processing waste of coal and other minerals is deposited in the soil, household and industrial wastes are dumped in the soil, industrial waste, waste disposal.

Disposal of radioactive waste into the soil, application of chemicals such as pesticides, disinfectants, acidic substances to land and plants, faulty agriculture, unplanned irrigation, deforestation and erosion from thermal power plants.

The details of the substances responsible for the pollution and their effects are given below :

Liquid Waste and Liquid Waste refers to household and industrial wastes and contaminated water.

Liquid solid or semi-solid substances are in a protracted or colloidal state Or Soil Pollution occurs. Solid Waste In rural and urban areas, an average of about 400 grams of pollutants are dumped in the soil per capita per day. Solid waste is unwanted and undesirable solid or semi-solid.

It is a combination of different materials such as polythene bags, broken glass, pieces of iron, garbage, medicine, batteries, etc. Organic and inorganic solids and hospital and municipal waste.

• Industrial Waste -

This industrial wastes are produces by industry in large quantities of chemical waste water and solid wastes. If these wastes are discarded or added to the soil in a crude state, significant changes in soil quality occur. E.g. 

(i) Metal oil, grease, heavy metals, plastics, floating solid organic and inorganic substances, nonbiodegradable elements are added to the soil from factories producing paper, textiles, fertilizers, steel, pesticides etc.

(ii) Contaminated wastewater discharged from industrial plants carries a lot of pathogens and in this case their use on land is extremely harmful to human health.

(iii) Every year 70 million biochemicals are added to the soil worldwide. Soils contaminated with bacteria, amino acids,

The decomposition of albumin and gelatin produces sulfur and phosphorus compounds. These react with hydrogen sulfide (H, S), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and phosphorus.

(iv) metallic components; For example, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) etc are harmful bacteria in the soil. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals destroys the organic matter in the soil.

Waste water from factories contains dissolved salts which make the soil salty for a long time. Soil water from chemical plants makes the soil highly acidic and alkaline. The fertility of irrigable agricultural land decreases.

• Pesticides -

Pesticides are chemicals that are used to kill insects, locusts, germs, and medicines. The use of pesticides in modern farming methods is essential for building disease resistance of crops and controlling the infestation of insects, locusts etc.

Among the common pesticides, Cl-containing hydrocarbons such as D.D.T., B.H.C., dildrin, endrin and organic phosphorus compounds like Biyana, Malathion are notable. Dangerous metals like arsenic, cadmium etc. are present in the pesticide compounds and these metals are permanently added to the soil causing soil pollution.

After the use of pesticides in the soil, the residue accumulates in the soil and poisons the crops. Pesticides are added to the soil through biodegradation & chemical degradation and make the soil permanently barren.

Toxic Inorganic Chemicals and various chemical products such as:

Fertilizers, steel, pesticides, alkalis, etc., all the wastes that are thrown into the soil are highly toxic compounds; Contaminates the soil terribly.

Notable toxic inorganic compounds are:

Free chlorine, chloroamine, hydrogen sulfide (HS), ammonia (NH3) and various metal salts; Such as chromium (Cr), lead, nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), uranium (U), mercury (Hg), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), etc. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) produced in the combustion of fuel.

The latter is converted to sulphate and the last to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is nitrate or deposited in the soil.

Fine particles of waste material emitted from automobile engines settle on the ground.

Lead and Zinc produced from mines are mixed in very high soils.

All these substances cause significant changes in the soil, resulting in loss of soil fertility at some point.

Toxic Organic Chemicals :

Chlorogen compounds are a type of pesticide, a deadly toxin called Ecopoison.

Run-off from Urban Areas:

City in Rainwater , Washed oil, grease, detergent, nutrients, heavy metals etc. with ground water

They come together and contaminate the ground water.

• Soluble Effluents -

There are some dissolved substances that seriously contaminate groundwater. It is found in desert and wetlands. Sewage Sickness Groundwater is polluted from urban and rural waste, wastewater treatment plants, oseptic tanks, etc. Concentration of Infecting Agel Soil: Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, earthworms, etc. are living organisms in the soil.

None of them are harmful and none of them are harmful. For example, pathogenic bacteria are very harmful. Enteric bacteria, parasitic worms, etc. originate in the soil of people infected with stomach diseases. The larvae and eggs of all these pathogens contaminate the soil.

When vegetables and grains are cultivated in such soils, harmful bacteria enter the human body before fruits, vegetables and grains. Parasites appear in the human body to mix with human waste. Bacillus anthracis parasites survive in the soil for many years. Which causes anthrax in the human body.

Consequences of soil pollution -

1. Impact on humans:

Soil contaminants come in many forms. Accordingly, their effects are different.

The effects of soil contaminants on humans are:

     Contaminants can enter the human body by directly touching the soil or by germs and can cause various diseases.Infections are often caused by respiratory infections.

For example, Clostridium tetani causes Tetanus, Clostridium perfringes causes gas-gangrene, Aspergillus causes Eudeficus, etc. Contact with Aspergillus causes infections in the ear canal, trachea, etc.

Soil diseases are often caused by worms. For example, the disease called ascariasis is caused by Clostridium titanium worms, Ascaris is caused by lumboicidis worms, Strongyloidiasis is caused by worms called Strongyloidis, and Echinococcosis is caused by Cyanococcus worms.

2. Effect on soil:

Liquid waste pollution causes changes in the concentration of carbon and nitrogen in the soil, salts are removed or accumulated, acid and alkaline values ​​(pH) change and the radiation reaction is disrupted. As a result, the movement of water and air in the soil changes and the fertility of the soil decreases.

Solid waste prevents the normal functioning of these soils and makes the soil barren. This is very harmful to human society and the country. Heavy metallic elements remain in the soil for a long time. For a long time, the soil becomes saline.

Salinity causes grain loss. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 80% of the world's irrigated farmland is wasted on soluble salt.

3. Enlargement of organisms :

Biomagnification is the process of increasing the accumulation of a contaminant from the bottom to the top along the food chain. Causes of Biodiversity  Flow of contaminants in the food chain.

Suppose the concentration of contaminants in each nutrient layer of the food chain increases gradually, the level of contaminants in the corners of the productive crop is X unit.

If a grasshopper eats five grain plants, the level of visibility in its body will be 5X, if a frog eats four grasshoppers as food, the level of contaminant in its body will be 20X (4x 5X), if the snake eats three frogs, the level of contaminant in its body will be 60X (3 x20K) That is, the concentration of contaminants in the three nutrient stages increased 60-fold.

Controlling of Soil Pollution

Soil pollution can be controlled by following methods.

Measures to control soil pollution

In order to protect the distributors from the harmful effects of soil pollution, soil pollution controllers need to take various measures.

• Industrial waste treatment -

Lead, zinc, mercury, etc., which should be seen to be emitted from the industrial field, should not be mixed directly with the soil. The rest of the waste will be disposed of and the quality will not be lost.

Reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture -

In the case of agriculture, when chemical fertilizers are used to increase production, the soil becomes polluted. The use of chemical fertilizers should be reduced and the use of organic fertilizers should be increased. Also, pesticide sprays should not be used at all. Organic pesticides should be used.

• Reduce Plastic Use -

Plastic material contaminates the soil. This plastic does not stick to the soil for a long time. Taimanush should be aware that plastic is detrimental to the quality of the soil.

• Disposal of hospital waste -

The soil will not be contaminated if all the waste materials from the hospital such as series, cotton, cotton bandages, medicines, medicine containers, plastic national items are thrown away and burnt in the right place.

Proper processing All waste products must be properly processed and protected from soil contamination. Also -

(1) Using Sanitary Landfills i.e. burying untreated waste in the ground.

(2) Forestation means to create forests to prevent the growth of deserts and drought prone areas.

(3) solid waste; Such as garbage, ash, sludge, house fragments, empty bottles thrown on the ground.

(4) Toxic chemicals, organic and inorganic substances; For example, aldrin, dialdrin, arsenic, etc. should be applied only to the soil in special cases.

(5) To purify industrial and household waste water well before discharging it into the ground.

(6) Above all, laws must be enacted, human society must be aware.